A research team led by John Carroll and James Chen with computer graphics input from Adam Hansgen developed a process to transform routinely obtained cardiac tomographic angiography (CTA), magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), and 3-D transesophageal ultrasound (TEE) images into a prototyping-ready format, so high-quality hollow models can be produced using 3D printing technology. These cardiovascular structural models are patient- and disease-specific, accurate, and clinically useful, and will become increasingly cost effective as 3D desktop printers become commonplace. Cardiologists can use this technology for testing, procedure training, and intervention preparation. This technology can be adapted to products and services with ability to produce these 3D models including implantable devices that are genuinely customized to patients’ unique anatomy.